(Biomimicry is usually a follow that learns from and mimics the strategies present in mother nature to resolve human structure problems).

Solid ligaments unite the adjacent foot bones to avoid disruption in the arches for the duration of body weight bearing. On The underside of the foot, extra ligaments tie together the anterior and posterior finishes on the arches. These ligaments have elasticity, which permits them to extend fairly throughout weight bearing, thus making it possible for the longitudinal arches to unfold.

The extensor hallucis longus has its origin within the fibula as well as the interosseus membrane amongst the two other extensors and is particularly, similarly towards the extensor digitorum, is inserted on the last phalanx of big toe ("hallux"). The muscle dorsiflexes the hallux, and acts similar to the tibialis anterior in the weight-bearing leg.[29] Two muscles around the lateral side from the leg type the fibular (peroneal) group. The fibularis (peroneus) longus and fibularis (peroneus) brevis each have their origins about the fibula, and they each move powering the lateral malleolus exactly where their tendons go beneath the fibular retinacula. Underneath the foot, the fibularis longus stretches with the lateral to your medial facet in the groove, thus bracing the transverse arch of the foot. The fibularis brevis is hooked up around the lateral side into the tuberosity in the fifth metatarsal. Jointly, both of these fibularis muscles type the strongest pronators of your foot.[30] The fibularis muscles are remarkably variable, and a number of other variants can once in a while be present.[31]

The medial ligament is most commonly torn, As well as in severe cases the anterior cruciate ligament is associated as being the tibia rotates laterally. Less commonly, the lateral ligament is torn, as well as posterior cruciate ligament tears when the tibia is pressured backwards in relation to the femur.

medial, expanded region of the proximal tibia that features The graceful floor that articulates While using the medial condyle of your femur as Element of the knee joint

The lower limb is divided into three regions. The thigh may be the region Positioned amongst the hip and knee joints. It contains the femur plus the patella. The hip joint is formed with the articulation among the acetabulum with the hip bone and The pinnacle from the femur. The leg would be the location amongst the knee and ankle joints, and includes the tibia (medially) and also the fibula (laterally). The knee joint is formed because of the articulations between the medial and lateral condyles of your femur, plus the medial and lateral condyles on the tibia. Also linked to the knee may be the patella, which articulates With all the patellar floor on the distal femur.

The narrowed region down below The top is the neck of your femur. It is a common location for fractures with the femur. The greater trochanter is the big, upward, bony projection Found previously mentioned The bottom of your neck. Several muscles that act over the hip joint connect to the better trochanter, which, as a consequence of its projection from the femur, gives further leverage to these muscles. The increased trochanter is usually felt just under the skin about the lateral facet within your higher thigh.

These places articulate While using the medial and lateral condyles of your femur to form the knee joint. In between the articulating surfaces in the tibial condyles would lower limb supports be the intercondylar eminence, an irregular, elevated spot that serves as being the inferior attachment place for 2 supporting ligaments with the knee.

The distal finish on the femur has medial and lateral bony expansions. To the lateral facet, The graceful part that addresses the distal and posterior areas of the lateral enlargement could be the lateral condyle with the femur. The roughened spot to the outer, lateral facet of your condyle is the lateral epicondyle from the femur. Likewise, the smooth region of the distal and posterior medial femur is the medial condyle of your femur, plus the irregular outer, medial aspect of This is actually the medial epicondyle of the femur. The lateral and medial condyles articulate While using the tibia to sort the knee joint.

most lateral of your a few cuneiform tarsal bones; articulates posteriorly Along with the navicular bone, medially Along with the intermediate cuneiform bone, laterally Along with the cuboid bone, and anteriorly Along with the third metatarsal bone

The proximal conclusion of the tibia is drastically expanded. The 2 sides of the expansion type the medial condyle with the tibia as well as lateral condyle from the tibia. The tibia doesn't have epicondyles. The highest area of each condyle is smooth and flattened.

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Typically, the big joints on the lower limb are aligned in a very straight line, which signifies the mechanical longitudinal axis of your leg, the Mikulicz line. This line stretches in the hip joint (or even more exactly the head in the femur), through the knee joint (the intercondylar eminence in the tibia), and right down to the middle on the ankle (the ankle mortise, the fork-like grip amongst the medial and lateral malleoli). While in the tibial shaft, the mechanical and anatomical axes coincide, but while in the femoral shaft they diverge six°, leading to the femorotibial angle of 174° in a leg with normal axial alignment.

The pelvis or pelvic girdle is undoubtedly an irregular ring of bone composed of the two innominate bones as well as sacrum fashioned by lower limb supports 5 fused vertebrae. Every single innominate bone is created up from the ilium, ischium and pubis, which fuse at the socket for the hip joint. The ilium extends upwards and finishes with the iliac crest, which may be felt when putting ‘hands on hips’.